Neurological Differences Between Early Humans and Modern Humans
The human brain has gone through major transformations throughout evolution. Early human species and modern humans share the same general structure, but their brains differ greatly in volume, neural connections, and cognitive capacity. These neurological differences developed gradually and mark the transition from early tool-using hominins to fully modern humans. One of the most profound changes that have occurred in human evolution is brain size, which has increased. The bra
Ada Özel
Dec 20, 20253 min read
The Pathology of Sadism
Sadism refers to deriving pleasure from the pain or suffering of others. Some individuals actively inflict harm, while others are satisfied by merely observing it. This harm may manifest in physical, emotional, psychological, or sexual forms. In everyday contexts, individuals with sadistic tendencies may attempt to control others, publicly humiliate them, or misuse power to cause harm. Sadism frequently co-occurs with other personality traits, including psychopathy, narcissis
Ada Özel
Nov 20, 20253 min read
The Neurological Basis of PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after someone experiences or witnesses a very stressful, frightening, or life-threatening event. This can happen after accidents, abuse, natural disasters, or war. For those with PTSD, memories of the event do not fade. It feels like the brain keeps returning to that moment, as if the danger never ended. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14545805%2FThe_weaker
Ada Özel
Nov 20, 20254 min read
The Phenomenology of Inner Speech and the Diachronic Continuity of the Self
Inner speech—that subjective experience of silent, self-directed verbal thought—is recognized not merely as cognitive background noise but as a core component of human cognition, self-regulation, and identity formation. How, then, does this private dialogue sustain our sense of being the same person, moment after moment, year after year?
Eymen Eren Karagöz
Oct 4, 20257 min read
When Confidence Becomes a Disorder: A Deep Dive into NPD
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental health condition in which people have an exaggerated sense of self-importance. They constantly seek admiration and attention from others but lack the ability to understand or care about others’ feelings. This disorder affects about 1–2% of the population, with men being diagnosed more often than women. NPD usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood.
Ada Özel
Sep 30, 20253 min read
Convergent Effects of Different Anesthetics on Cortical Oscillations: A Step Closer to Understanding Consciousness
Different anesthetics, though acting via distinct pathways, converge on a shared effect: re-aligning brain oscillations. Both ketamine and dexmedetomidine increased low-frequency synchronization across hemispheres while fragmenting within-hemisphere communication. These dose-dependent phase shifts may represent a common mechanism for loss of consciousness and offer potential biomarkers for anesthesia depth.
Yiğit Kurtuluş
Sep 11, 20253 min read
The Future of Brain Stimulation: Introducing Adaptive Circuit Targeting (ACT) DBS
Adaptive Circuit Targeting (ACT) DBS combines the “when to stimulate” approach of adaptive DBS with the “where to stimulate” principle of connectomic DBS. By decoding symptoms in real time and targeting the right brain circuits, it promises more personalized and effective treatment for conditions like Parkinson’s, dystonia, and OCD. While challenges remain—such as improved sensing, circuit mapping, and smarter hardware—the technology is advancing quickly toward truly intellig
Yiğit Kurtuluş
Sep 11, 20253 min read
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