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Inner speech—that subjective experience of silent, self-directed verbal thought—is recognized not merely as cognitive background noise but as a core component of human cognition, self-regulation, and identity formation. How, then, does this private dialogue sustain our sense of being the same person, moment after moment, year after year?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental health condition in which people have an exaggerated sense of self-importance. They constantly seek admiration and attention from others but lack the ability to understand or care about others’ feelings. This disorder affects about 1–2% of the population, with men being diagnosed more often than women. NPD usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood.

Different anesthetics, though acting via distinct pathways, converge on a shared effect: re-aligning brain oscillations. Both ketamine and dexmedetomidine increased low-frequency synchronization across hemispheres while fragmenting within-hemisphere communication. These dose-dependent phase shifts may represent a common mechanism for loss of consciousness and offer potential biomarkers for anesthesia depth.

Adaptive Circuit Targeting (ACT) DBS combines the “when to stimulate” approach of adaptive DBS with the “where to stimulate” principle of connectomic DBS. By decoding symptoms in real time and targeting the right brain circuits, it promises more personalized and effective treatment for conditions like Parkinson’s, dystonia, and OCD. While challenges remain—such as improved sensing, circuit mapping, and smarter hardware—the technology is advancing quickly toward truly intellig